The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields

Abstract

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organization emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes - coercive, mimetic, and normative - leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.