https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19323 2021-12-02T04:09:45Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19943 Regulation and informal settlements in Brazil: a quasi-experiment approach Biderman, Ciro This paper discusses the relation between urban norms and informality and presents some evidence for Brazil using a quasi-experimental approach. Using a theoretical framework that relates the supply of house elasticity with the urban norms I argue and give some evidence that in developing countries a more stringent urban regulation would generate more informality while in developed countries it is expected to generate higher housing prices. But not all norms have equal impact. Zoning and land parceling norms seem to have a large impact on informal housing formation while the urban perimeter and building codes have small or no effect. This conclusion is strong and there are some important consequences to land policy issues. The findings are consistent with the dual market model presented in the paper and refute the notion that the formal and informal market are completely independent, since in this case we would expect no impact from regulation on the informal market. Also the idea that urban norms are not enforced in Brazil is very much questioned in this study by exactly the same argument. 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19598 Density and scattered development: a tale of 10 Cities Biderman, Ciro Themes such as sprawl, compact city, leapfrogging, have been out of the economics literature for a long time despite the great interest of urban planners and citizens in general. This is changing fast since the 2000s. The Lincoln Institute has been playing a major role in the growth of this new agenda of research. One of the most relevant papers in theeconomics of sprawl (Buchfield et al, 2006) was first issued as a Lincoln Institute Working Paper in 2002. The Lincoln's Policy Focus Report by Angel et al (2011) represents the summary of a long run research pioneering in making a global sample with a very finedefinition. The former literature on density confuses causes and consequences. In part this is related to the fact that this phenomenon is very difficult to measure. The alternative envisioned in Clawson (1962) and applied in Bruchfield et al (2006) and Angel (2011) uses satellite images and its possibilities as a source of information for creating meaningful indicators of sprawl and density. The main assumption is that a clear conceptual and operational definition can facilitate research on the causes and consequences of sprawl and under or over density. This working paper build upon this new tradition of research and focus first on Latin America in the 1990s and then on 10 large metropolitan areas in Brazil in the last 15 years or so. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19541 Cities and social equity: inequality, territory and urban form: summary report Rode, Philipp; Burdett, Ricky; Ramos, Frederico Roman; Kitazawa, Kay; Paccoud, Antoine; Tesfay, Natznet; Miraglia, Paula; Marques, Eduardo; Biderman, Ciro; Somekh, Nadia; Souza, Carlos Leite de Cities and Social Equity is a report by the Urban Age research team with commissioned pieces from Ipsos MORI, United Nations Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (ILANUD), the Centre for Metropolitan Studies (CEM), Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV) and the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at the Mackenzie Presbyterian University. In 2008, the Urban Age undertook and commissioned research on the five largest cities in South America (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Bogotá and Lima), which culminated in the Urban Age South America conference in São Paulo in December 2008. With a combined population of nearly 60 million and dramatic growth in recent decades, these five cities are places of mix, change and extreme polarisation which can be destabilising, inhumane and wasteful of resources. Cities and Social Equity assesses the impact of inequality in an urban context with comparative research and data collection in the five cities (including innovative mapping of inequality to identify the pockets of privilege and deprivation in each city). While the research work commissioned in the report has a specific focus on the problems facing São Paulo, the region's pre-eminent city, their findings have wider resonance for cities throughout the world. 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19431 Compartilhamento e uso intensivo do viário urbano em São Paulo: relatório de acompanhamento do seminário realizado em conjunto com a câmara municipal de São Paulo A economia compartilhada talvez seja o fenômeno econômico mais relevante dos últimos anos ao menos no setor de transportes e hotelaria. Empresas como Uber e Airbnb mudaram a maneira como pensamos no serviço de transporte individual e no serviço de hospedagem. Se pensamos no serviço oferecido, independente da tecnologia, não há nada de novo. Pessoas alugam quartos em suas casas e o serviço de carros individuais para executivos ou turistas existem há anos provavelmente em qualquer grande cidade do mundo. A diferença é a forma de acessar esses serviços. Antes da difusão da tecnologia de informação para equipamentos móveis o custo de transação para esse tipo de serviço era tão alto que não era possível de fato ter um serviço permanente. Em outras palavras o volume de informação necessário para parear pessoas interessadas em ofertar e demandar o serviço era extremamente elevado. Adicionalmente, o custo de informação sobre a qualidade do ofertante (sobretudo a qualidade do serviço) e do demandante (sobretudo a qualidade do crédito) inviabilizando a existência desse mercado. Esse custo caiu de maneira substantiva com os avanços da tecnologia de informação e comunicação viabilizando a existência desse mercado até então “desaparecido”. Com os novos aplicativos é possível simultaneamente juntar ofertantes e demandantes dispersos e garantir os dois participantes do mercado em termos de 1. qualidade do serviço através dos sistemas de avaliação e 2. pagamento do serviço via cartão de crédito pré-cadastrado. O surgimento desse novo mercado evidentemente gerou uma série de dificuldades as quais são mais do que conhecidas. Em particular gerou uma dificuldade de regulação por parte do setor público. Aparentemente não está claro para alguns atores governamentais nem mesmo qual seria a instância correta para tal regulação. O veto a participação de uma determinada empresa via de regra é uma prerrogativa do governo federal enquanto as regras de fornecimento do serviço em geral é uma atribuição do governo local. Nesse seminário discutimos como a prefeitura da cidade de São Paulo tem lidado com esse tema dado o lançamento recente de uma regulação voltada para o transporte individual e antecipando o conceito de uma nova regulação para o estacionamento em vias públicas. Contando com a participação de diversos vereadores ligados direta ou indiretamente à regulação dessa nova forma de fornecimento do serviço, o seminário espera contribuir para um debate que vem carregado de paixões. É papel do CEPESP e da FGV contribuir para que as políticas públicas sejam pensadas de maneira científica para que se realizem avanços substantivos no fornecimento de serviços públicos em um ambiente no qual não é mais possível aumentar a arrecadação. Com esse seminário esperamos ter realizado uma pequena contribuição nesse sentido. 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19413 Cities and social equity: inequality, territory and urban form: detailed report Rode, Philipp; Burdett, Ricky; Ramos, Frederico Roman; Kitazawa, Kay; Paccoud, Antoine; Tesfay, Natznet; Miraglia, Paula; Marques, Eduardo; Biderman, Ciro; Somekh, Nadia; Souza, Carlos Leite de Cities and Social Equity is a report by the Urban Age research team with commissioned pieces from Ipsos MORI, United Nations Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (ILANUD), the Centre for Metropolitan Studies (CEM), Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV) and the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at the Mackenzie Presbyterian University. In 2008, the Urban Age undertook and commissioned research on the five largest cities in South America (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Bogotá and Lima), which culminated in the Urban Age South America conference in São Paulo in December 2008. With a combined population of nearly 60 million and dramatic growth in recent decades, these five cities are places of mix, change and extreme polarisation which can be destabilising, inhumane and wasteful of resources. Cities and Social Equity assesses the impact of inequality in an urban context with comparative research and data collection in the five cities (including innovative mapping of inequality to identify the pockets of privilege and deprivation in each city). While the research work commissioned in the report has a specific focus on the problems facing São Paulo, the region's pre-eminent city, their findings have wider resonance for cities throughout the world. 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19399 Toward a more inclusive and effective participatory budget in Porto Alegre Biderman, Ciro This research attempts to design a method for estimating the impact of the implementation of Participatory Budget (hereafter PB) on selected public finance variables. The idea is that people participating in the budget decision will be more willing to pay local taxes since (the argument goes) the citizens have more control over the allocation decision. The PB was implemented in municipalities in Brazil starting on the late 1980’s and had been growing steadily ever since. This characteristic allows the analysis to be carried out using a panel spanning data from the early 1990’s until 2004. The analysis is then applied to the case of Porto Alegre, Brazil. 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19397 Desenvolvimento de software para a avaliação de impacto sócio-econômico de uma intervenção no sistema de transportes Biderman, Ciro; Igliori, Danilo C.; Bueno, Rodrigo de Losso da Silveira; Silva, Glauco Peres da; Lichand, Guilherme Finkelfarb; Vinhais, Henrique Eduardo Ferreira; Lopes, Marcos Felipe Mendes; Tyszler, Marcelo; Policano, Rodrigo Mantovani; Maciel, Vladimir Fernandes; Barbosa, Bruno dos Santos; Casalecchi, João Rafael Baena; Turu, Michelle Lisboa Essa pesquisa desenvolveu um software a partir de um modelo que simula os impactos de investimentos em transporte sobre as decisões de localização das empresas e das famílias. Com o programa e estimativas das matrizes de tempo é possível analisar as mudanças no total de empregos, massa salarial e produto por setor e população por faixa de renda para as zonas do pddt em função das decisões de investimento em transporte. É também possível testar a sensibilidade do resultado a variações na taxa de crescimento populacional ou setorial. 2006-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19386 Creating a sustainable freight and passenger transport system for São Paulo Polenske, Karen R.; Biderman, Ciro; Alvim, Bernardo Guatimosim; Hüttig, Gerhard; Lehmann, Oliver F.; Straube, Frank; Gakenheimer, Ralph Albert; Rockler, Nicolas O.; Zegras, P. Christopher A consortium of three universities, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), and Technische Universität Berlin, and the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, propose a study of urban freight movement and development of plans to improve these flows. Our goal is to identify physical and regulatory means of improving freight-movement efficiency, with direct the consequence of reducing distribution costs. Indirectly, this should reduce congestion for all users, thereby improving reliability of all transportation movements in the region, not just those of urban freight. Urban congestion and the competition for public resources has been a near-permanent feature of local economies. Public roads, ports, terminals, and marketplace activities can generate tremendous economies of scale and scope. These economies serve to encourage both businesses and people to co-locate to obtain the benefits. However, congestion, accidents, and environmental degradation, the by-products of development, often reduce the benefits, curtailing development opportunities, and, if unmanaged, reversing economic and social progress. It appears to be the case that this has happened in the São Paulo region. In our view, this can be changed through planning and management of urban infrastructure and through regulation of its use. Our goal is to reduce the debilitating level of congestion and restore some of the economic (and social) benefits derived from fair and efficient transportation of goods and people. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19381 The political economy of fiscal reform in Brazil: the rationale for the suboptimal equilibrium Melo, Marcus André B. C. de; Pereira, Carlos; Souza, Saulo Santos de This project examines fiscal reforms in Brazil since the 90s, focusing on the varying reform outcomes in the area of taxation, budgeting, and fiscal federalism. While there has been an extensive reorganization of fiscal federalism in the country since the mid- 1990s, much less change can be observed in the area of taxation. The federal government has managed to recentralize fiscal authority in the country, curbing the autonomy of the states by resorting to numerical rules. By contrast, while expanding massively the extractive capacity of the Brazilian state, policy-makers choose not to revamp the tax system, and to keep an inefficient system that has been capable to generate high levels of revenue. In the area of budgeting, several changes were implemented and the federal executive has been able to strengthen its control over the budget process. The economic crises in the mid-1990s created contrasting incentives to reform. While the crises episodes prompted the government to rein in subnational fiscal imbalances and ultimately to enact the Fiscal Responsibility Law, they discouraged policy-makers from introducing major changes in the tax system. This status quo bias is associated with differences in risk aversion across the issue areas but also with the incentives in the country’s policy-making process. We argue that the executive derives utility from fiscal stability and inflation control because of electoral incentives and of credibility gains in international markets. This endogenous perspective allows us to understand fiscal and tax reform initiatives as generating political benefits for incumbent politicians. However, fiscal stability was attained at the cost of systemic inefficiency associated with highly regressive and distortionary taxes. 2009-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/19367 Modelagem econômica para a avaliação de impactos do programa de pavimentação e recuperação de vicinais do estado de São Paulo Ferman, Bruno; Firpo, Sergio Pinheiro Neste relatório final apresentamos análises do impacto da renovação das rodovias vicinais no Estado de São Paulo (Programa Pró Vicinais) em diversas variáveis de interesse, a saber, indicadores municipais de saúde, educação, mercado de trabalho e produção agrícola. A hipótese que testamos é se melhorias na malha de rodovias vicinais intra e entre municípios que foram levadas a cabo nos últimos anos tiveram impactos relevantes sobre os indicadores selecionados. 2013-06-01T00:00:00Z