O enforcement contratual no Brasil: uma análise das decisões do TJSP e TJRS sobre o contrato de factoring
Resumo
The New Institutional Economics gave a prominent role to institutions, classifying them as the "rules of the game" in a society. A part of this literature focuses on analysing the link between contractual enforcement of judgments handed down by the courts and its impact on the economic development of nations, in particular developing countries. In Brazil, this debate became relevant in the late 1990s due to social researches conducted with judges, which has attested that the courts tend to sacrifice judicial predictability in favour of social justice. In this context, some Brazilian economists pointed out the hypothesis that the Brazilian courts present an anticreditor bias, which can be translated as the court’s position to rule in favour of the debtors. This results in the maintenance of high interest rates in the country and the absence of a long term credit market. Within this context, a specific segment was selected: factoring, to develop a substantive qualitative empirical research in order to (i) investigate the enforcement of contractual decisions, and (ii) test whether there is the existence of an anticreditor bias by the Courts of Justice of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. A teoria da Nova Economia Institucional atribuiu papel de destaque às instituições, classificando-as como as 'regras do jogo' nas sociedades. Uma das vertentes desta literatura foca-se em analisar a relação entre o grau de enforcement ou exigibilidade das decisões proferidas pelo Poder Judiciário e seu impacto no desenvolvimento econômico das nações, em especial, dos países em desenvolvimento. No Brasil, este debate ganha relevância no final da década de 1990 a partir de determinadas pesquisas de cunho social realizadas com magistrados, demonstrando que estes tenderiam a sacrificar a previsibilidade judicial em favor da justiça social. Nesse contexto, certos economistas brasileiros lançam a hipótese da existência de um viés anticredor por parte do Poder Judiciário brasileiro, cuja tendência é a de favorecer a parte devedora, fato que resulta na manutenção das altas taxas de juros no país, bem como na inexistência de um mercado de crédito de longo prazo. Diante deste debate, foi selecionado segmento específico – a atividade de factoring – para se desenvolver pesquisa empírica qualitativa substantiva a fim de se (i) investigar o grau de enforcement das decisões contratuais e (ii) testar a existência ou não de um viés anticredor por parte dos Tribunais de Justiça de São Paulo e do Rio Grande do Sul.
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