https://hdl.handle.net/10438/8295 Fri, 05 Nov 2021 23:01:03 GMT 2021-11-05T23:01:03Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/31216 What factors are most important in a state’s decision to abide to or refrain from international security regimes? Exploring the strategic motivations behind Libya’s decision to abandon its nuclear weapons program and Israel’s refusal to do so Barre, Annelise Helene Kevin What Causes Nuclear Proliferation or Nuclear Rollback? Answering this question will help us understand the factors behind state decisions to join international regimes of security. Understanding why states abide or retrain from international security regimes will help us to address current obstacles to non-proliferation in the Middle East; Why, after many years of trying, are we unable to put in place a Nuclear Weapons Free Zone in the Middle East? What is in store for the 2015 Iran Nuclear Deal now that a new democrat administration has come to office in the United States? These findings will be particularly pertinent in forecasting if the growing security tensions between Iran, and by extension Hezbollah, and its regional “enemies” push it to pursue nuclear weapons development. Or, on the contrary if the country´s rapidly degrading economy push it back to the negotiating table1 . With a new American administration in place, the democrats will have to make a decision on which outcome is most likely. The three dominant factors explaining nuclear behavior are first, the presence of threats to security; second, the extent of a state’s economic and political integration into the global system; and lastly the existence of security guarantees to a state. In this paper I will assess the validity of the three dominant arguments for explaining nuclear behavior of states by conducting a case comparison between Israel’s decision not to join the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty, and Libya’s decision to undergo and subsequently abandon Nuclear Weapons development. I will show how the continuous and significant threats to Israeli security diminishes the impact that the two other factors have, and further how the lack of significant threats to Libyan security caused its economic and political isolation from the international community to play the decisive role in its nuclear rollback. Furthermore, these case studies will highlight how security guarantees are only decisive in light of a protected state’s perception of their legitimacy. These findings will help shed some light on which non-proliferation policies should be adopted if we ever wish to see a Nuclear Weapons Free Zone in the Middle East.; O que causa proliferação nuclear ou reversão nuclear? Responder a essa pergunta nos ajudará a entender os fatores por trás das decisões dos Estados de aderir a regimes internacionais de segurança. Entender por que os Estados seguem ou se abstêm dos regimes de segurança internacional nos ajudará a enfrentar os atuais obstáculos à não proliferação no Oriente Médio; Por que, depois de tantos anos de tentativas, não conseguimos criar uma Zona Livre de Armas Nucleares no Oriente Médio? O que está reservado para o Acordo Nuclear com o Irã de 2015? Os três fatores dominantes que explicam o comportamento nuclear são, em primeiro lugar, a presença de ameaças à segurança; segundo, a extensão da integração econômica e política de um estado no sistema global; e, por último, a existência de garantias de segurança a um Estado. Neste artigo, irei avaliar a validade dos três argumentos dominantes para explicar o comportamento nuclear dos Estados, conduzindo uma comparação de caso entre a decisão de Israel de não aderir ao Tratado de Não Proliferação Nuclear e a decisão da Líbia de se submeter e posteriormente abandonar o desenvolvimento de Armas Nucleares. Vou mostrar como as ameaças contínuas e significativas à segurança israelense diminuem o impacto que os outros dois fatores têm, e ainda como a falta de ameaças significativas à segurança da Líbia causou seu 'isolamento econômico e político da comunidade internacional para desempenhar um papel decisivo na sua 'reversão nuclear. Além disso, esses estudos de caso destacarão como as garantias de segurança só são decisivas à luz da percepção de um estado protegido de sua legitimidade. Essas descobertas ajudarão a lançar alguma luz sobre quais políticas de não proliferação devem ser adotadas se algum dia quisermos ver uma Zona Livre de Armas Nucleares no Oriente Médio. Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10438/31216 2021-09-30T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30800 The spread of fake news: a case study of the presidential elections of 2018 in Brazil Hattori, Guilherme As fake news becomes more pervasive with the increasing adoption of digital platforms, understanding how disinformation spread and the factors that contribute to its continuation has become crucial, given the detrimental effects for democracies. This study investigates the spread of fake news during the Presidential Elections of 2018 in Brazil and how distinct social media and websites are used as distribution platforms and sources of disinformation. For such, a pre-existing data set of 346 fake news stories collected during the elections served as a starting point. Initially, through a reverse search process, the main websites responsible for disseminating disinformation were mapped. These sources were then analysed in terms of traffic and partisanship. Beyond a prevalence of right-wing fake news sources, a high concentration of web traffic was found. Five websites were responsible for almost 80% of all pageviews (or impressions) from all the 58 identified fake news sources. Furthermore, in order to investigate the circulation of disinformation on Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp, the data set was filtered into the 58 most relevant unique fake news stories, which were later classified by political bias, engagement (number of shares), and segregated in four narratives. Firstly, it was found that all the analysed social media served as relevant distribution platforms for fake news, once 32 out of the 58 fake news stories circulated in all of them. Yet, Facebook was found to be more relevant than Twitter for that purpose. Secondly, the four major narratives that shaped the fake news stories were mostly related to an intense polarization and declining rates of trust in public institutions and media vehicles. Among these, fake news related to anti-left/anti-workers were predominant. Similarly to the first analysis, partisanship was noticeable during the spread of disinformation, as there were ten times more pro-Bolsonaro (or anti-Haddad) fake news stories than the polar opposite. Finally, the findings indicate that, while Facebook and Twitter were relevant distribution platforms, WhatsApp had a major impact on closed groups due to the reinforced cognitive effects and externalities that corroborate to the susceptibility and spread of fake news on social media. Fri, 12 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30800 2021-03-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30685 How engagement with influencer marketing campaigns affect the brand performance: a case of stories on Instagram Myoung, Aerhy Influencer marketing englobes many studies that aim increasing the engagement rate of the viewers with the content created by social media influencers, that could be considered opinion leaders. Content has a great impact on the how people consume the information and how this engagement will translate into performance for the influencer marketing campaign adopted by the company in Instagram stories when the performance metric is the number of clicks and installs. The number of stories created and the fit of the influencer’s category with the endorsed product have proven to be relevant predictors of the performance metrics. Furthermore, the format of the content created also has shown to be an important predictor of the number of clicks, also known as swipe ups, to the campaign. Video formats of content delivered more clicks to the influencer campaign when compared to static stories, such as photos. These findings have implications for better understanding how content creation in Instagram stories impact the engagement of the viewers with the product in user acquisition campaigns.; Um dos principais temas que engloba o marketing de influenciadores refere-se ao aumento do engajamento do público com o conteúdo criado pelos influenciadores de mídias sociais, que podem ser considerados líderes de opinião. O conteúdo criado tem grande impacto em como as pessoas consomem a informação e em como o engajamento com esse tipo de conteúdo irá impactar na performance da campanha de marketing de influenciadores - essa performance é medida através de números de cliques e instalações nesse estudo. A quantidade de stories criada e a compatibilidade da categoria do influenciador com o produto endossado também se mostraram como uma variáveis preditoras relevantes das métricas de performance. Ademais, o formato do conteúdo criado também se mostrou como uma variável preditora relevante do número de cliques, também conhecido como swipe ups, das campanhas. Conteúdos em vídeos entregaram uma quantidade maior de cliques para a campanha de influenciadores quando comparado com conteúdo estáticos, como simples fotos. Todas essas descobertas possuem implicações no melhor entendimento de como o conteúdo criado nos stories do Instagram impactam o engajamento do público com o produto endossado nessas campanhas de marketing. Thu, 08 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30685 2021-04-08T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30605 Entrepreneurship in Brazil: the role of human, psychological, and social capital in entrepreneurial success Correia, Maria Ana Barros The role of entrepreneurship as a social, economic, and financial endorser for the disadvantaged brackets of societies brings a new perspective on entrepreneurship as a booster of equality. However, in country contexts like the Brazilian one, it is often privileged individuals who possess the resources to engage in successful entrepreneurial behaviour. The structural issues of the Brazilian entrepreneurial ecosystem put the different types of capitals into evidence as factors that may hinder or foster entrepreneurial success. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to investigate how the financial position of an individual in society may affect his access to human, psychological, and social capital, and how the access to these capital dimensions may affect, consequently, the success of this individual as an entrepreneur. A quantitative mediation model was applied to analyse the effect of income on capital and, consequently, on entrepreneurial success for a dataset of Brazilian entrepreneurs. Results demonstrate the existence of a positive relationship between income, psychological capital, and entrepreneurial success, meaning that the individual income of individuals positively affects their psychological capital and, consequently, their entrepreneurial success. Despite the existence of a positive statistically significant relationship between income and human capital, no significance relationship was recognized between the variables of income and social capital, nor human or social capital with entrepreneurial success. Tue, 20 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30605 2021-04-20T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30436 Daring to learn: a study on grandes écoles de commerce Françaises Sineuil, Tiago Bertrand Marie de Vassal de The Grandes Écoles de Commerce Françaises (GECF) have had their number of students steadily increase in the past three decades, faster than any other type of Grande École. Their rise in popularity is straightforward, once considered the positive advantages associated with a degree from one of those prestigious business schools. However, those advantages, especially the earnings premium, are not evenly distributed among GECF. The ones at the top (of which the most recognizable group is Les Trois Parisiennes, namely HEC Paris, ESSEC, and ESCP Europe) are disproportionately impacted in that regard. Two theories on returns of higher education compete to provide an explanation. Human Capital Theory states that higher ranked GECF are able to give a better education (in the broad sense, i.e. including but not restricted to coursework) to their students, which makes them more productive workers, and ultimately improves their prospects on the job market. On the other hand, Signalling Theory of Education supports the view that better schools are able to attract and select better students, therefore signalling their higher productivity to potential recruiters. The purpose of this study is to make sense of the opinion of French recruiters on the question. The goal is to understand how they fit in the Human Capital – Signalling framework, and which criteria they attribute more importance to. Although they hadn’t always thought of it in such formal terms, the opposition was understood by recruiters. On average, the preference for students from Les Trois Parisiennes was better explained by the selectiveness of the entrance exam; hence some evidence for the Signalling Theory of Education in that context.; As Grandes Écoles de Commerce Françaises (GECF) têm tido o seu número de estudantes a aumentar constantemente nas últimas três décadas, mais rapidamente do que qualquer outro tipo de Grande École. Esse aumento de popularidade é fácil de entender, uma vez consideradas as vantagens positivas associadas a um diploma de uma dessas prestigiadas escolas de gestão. No entanto, essas vantagens, especialmente os prêmios de renda, não são distribuídas uniformemente entre as GECF. As mais reputadas (das quais o grupo mais reconhecível é Les Trois Parisiennes, nomeadamente HEC Paris, ESSEC, e ESCP Europe) são desproporcionadamente afectadas nesse respeito. Duas teorias sobre o retorno do ensino superior competem para fornecer uma explicação. A Teoria do Capital Humano afirma que uma GECF de nível superior é capaz de dar uma melhor educação (no sentido lato, i.e. incluindo mas não se limitando ao curso) aos seus estudantes, o que os torna trabalhadores mais produtivos, e por consequência melhora as perspectivas deles no mercado do trabalho. Por outro lado, A Teoria da Sinalização apoia a opinião que melhores escolas são capazes de atrair e seleccionar melhores alunos, sinalizando assim uma maior produtividade a potenciais recrutadores. O objectivo deste estudo é dar sentido à opinião dos recrutadores franceses sobre esta questão, perceber como se enquadram no contexto do modelo de Capital Humano – Sinalização, e a que critérios atribuem mais importância. Embora nem sempre tivessem pensado na questão em termos tão formais, a oposição foi percebida pelos recrutadores. Em média, a preferência pelos estudantes de Les Trois Parisiennes foi melhor explicada pela selectividade do exame de admissão; daí algumas provas en favor da Teoria da Sinalização neste contexto. Fri, 05 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30436 2021-03-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30419 Do founders’ subjective behavior cues in online pitch presentations influence angel investors’ investment decisions? Kuhn, Nicole This study explores the role of subjectivity in angel investors’ decisions in online pitch presentations. Through participant observations, documentary research, interviews, and a review of the literature, the study investigates if founders’ subjective behavior cues in online pitch presentations influence angel investors’ investment decisions. Pitch presentations are considered essential to the investment process. The transition to virtual pitches presents challenges and opportunities. Challenges arise chiefly from difficulties in analyzing virtual behavioral cues, while opportunities manifest in the integration of the virtual space, wider deal flow, and logistic benefits. The findings suggest that Brazilian angel investors identify affective and cognitive criteria during online pitch presentations and factor these in when deciding to invest. Perceptions of entrepreneurial passion are ambiguous; coachability has a positive impact on investment intention; trust-damaging and trust-violating behaviors are remarkably harmful; perception of preparedness increases propensity to invest; and founder arrogance is a significant criterion for negative founder perception.; Este estudo explora o papel da subjetividade em decisões de investimento anjo durante pitches virtuais. Através de observação participante, pesquisa documental, entrevistas e dados de literatura, a pesquisa investiga se fatores de comportamento subjetivos por parte dos fundadores influenciam as decisões de investimento dos investidores anjo. O pitch é considerado essencial ao processo de investimento. A trasição para os pitches virtuais apresenta desafios e oportunidades. Desafios vem principalmente da dificuldade em analisar comportamentos no contexto virtual. Oportunidades advem sobretudo com a integração com o espaço virtual, aumento do deal flow e benefícios de logística.Os resultados indicam que os investidores anjo brasileiros indentificam critérios afetivos e cognitivos durante pitches virtuais e consideram estes critérios para realizarem investimentos. Percepções de paixão são ambiguas, coachabilidade é vista como positiva, dano e violação de confiança são extremamente prejudiciais, a percepçãoo de preparo motiva intenção de investimento e a arrogância do empreendedor é um critério significativo para percepção negativa do empreendedor. Fri, 26 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30419 2021-03-26T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30394 Covid-19 in the Brazilian stock market Schiavo, Bruno Andrade As Covid-19 ravages through, several researchers have attempted to describe its impact in the share price of listed companies. I investigate the Brazilian stock market through a regression analysis of how three firm characteristics (foreign revenues, cash holdings and leverage) impact share returns across three events of the pandemic in the country. As a result, I show that after the first case of Covid-19 was detected in Brazil, both foreign revenues and leverage had a negative impact on stocks – an increase of one percentage point in foreign revenues is associated with 0.09 decrease in stock returns; an increase of 1 unit of leverage is associated with 13.12 decrease in stocks returns. This negative impact of leverage lingered even after confirmation of community transmission of the virus - an increase of 1 unit of leverage is associated with 17.39 decrease in stocks returns. Interestingly, however, cash holdings did not affect stock returns during the pandemic.; Enquanto a pandemia de Covid-19 segue seu curso, diversos pesquisadores tentaram descrever o impacto da doença no preço da ação de companhias listadas. Eu investigo o mercado de ações brasileiro por meio de uma análise de regressão do impacto de três características de firma (receitas estrangeiras, quantidade de caixa e alavancagem) nos retornos de ações em três períodos da pandemia no país. Como resultado, eu demonstro que, após a detecção do primeiro caso de Covid-19 no Brasil, ambas as variáveis de receitas estrangeiras e alavancagem tiveram um impacto negativo em ações – um aumento de um ponto percentual em receitas estrangeiras foi associado com uma redução de 0,09 em retornos de ações; um aumento de um ponto percentual em alavancagem foi associado com redução de 13,12 em retornos de ações. Este impacto negativo de alavancagem perdurou mesmo depois da confirmação da transmissão comunitária do vírus: um aumento de uma unidade de alavancagem foi associado com uma redução de 17,39 de retornos de ações. Interessantemente, contudo, quantidade de caixa não afetou retornos de ação na pandemia. Mon, 01 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30394 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30368 Attitudes of Brazilian youth towards workplace and adaptations promoted by organizations Castro, Lucas da Costa The workspace has been connecting members of different generations, who usually have different attitudes toward career and work. In Brazil, its unique situation of ageing, social inequality and years of boom and boost in its economy is creating a group of youth with singular attitudes for their career. This thesis aims to analyze which are these attitudes and if – and how – organizations are adapting themselves to connect with them. Relying on a mixed research approach to discuss the topic, added to a literature review, the thesis aims to contribute to business sphere and decision-making by managerial level.; O espaço de trabalho tem conectado membros de diferentes gerações, as quais possuem aspirações diferentes em relação à carreira e ao trabalho. No Brasil, sua situação ímpar de envelhecimento da população, desigualdade social e anos de crescimento e quedas de sua economia vem criando uma população jovem com aspirações singulares para a carreira. Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar quais são essas atitudes e se - e como - as organizações estão se adaptando para se conectar com elas. Apoiando-se em uma abordagem de pesquisa mista para discutir o tema, somada a uma revisão da literatura, a tese tem como objetivo contribuir para a esfera empresarial e a tomada de decisões pelo nível de gestão. Mon, 12 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30368 2021-04-12T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30337 Sustainability in the sneakers industry Towa, Océane Sustainability is a trendy concept. It is used and abused daily by many companies regardless of the industry. However, in the face of rising climate change issues and growing consumer awareness, sustainability has become more than a marketing strategy. It is crucial for the sake of the planet and the people living on it. As a result, it is necessary to comprehend the concept and its implications. The multi-billion dollars industry that is fashion is known for its highly detrimental business model. Unsustainable practices are characteristics of the sector: volumes over quality, overexploitation of natural resources, environmental pollution, unethical labor practices that go against human rights and basic human decency, etc. The increasingly popular sneakers industry is no exception. Lead by business giants such as Nike, Adidas, or Puma, it is the fastest-growing segment of the footwear industry. Today, everyone wears sneakers, men, women, children, etc. In recent years, many questionable practices have been revealed, sparking global scandals and outrage among consumers. And, at the same time, tarnishing the reputation of these historically strong brands. This paper aims at assessing the environmental and social impact of the industry while analyzing the implementation of sustainability. The main objective was to understand the possibility of having a sustainable sneakers industry and to develop a framework of best practices for managers. The link between competitive advantage and sustainability is at the center of this study. The paper also tackles the concept of brand equity as a strength to establish new industry standards. Relying on literature as a conceptual background and on a comparative case study between three brands, the study showed that despite various initiatives from the market leaders and other actors, harmful practices remain the industry standard. Transformative and innovative business models are needed to create a truly sustainable industry. Fri, 15 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30337 2021-01-15T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30321 Generations and modern work: a comparison between Brazilian and German Millennials and Generation Zers Jordão, Esther Members of generations Y (Millennials) and Z (Generation Zers) have distinct sets of values and preferences. Millennials need flexibility, whilst Generation Zers need stability; Millennials search for work with purpose, whilst Generation Zers take a pragmatical approach towards work opportunities. Nationality seems to play a secondary role in defining preferences, with slight differences being perceived between Brazilian and German Millennials. The gig economy, although displaying appealing features, still does not arise as a silver lining for members of these generational cohorts to experience the attributes they prefer in terms of their work lives, and traditional work relations are perceived as compatible with a series of important preferences these youngsters have. Wed, 24 Feb 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/10438/30321 2021-02-24T00:00:00Z