Conectando as Índias: o mundo hispano-asiático do Pacífico na História Global Moderna
Palavras-chave:
Idade Moderna, México colonial, Nova Espanha, Filipinas, China, História Transpacífica.Resumo
Este artigo reconsidera o lugar da América Latina colonial na história global examinando as interações transpacíficas, os conflitos e os intercâmbios entre a América Latina e a Ásia nos séculos XVI e XVII. Deixando de lado histórias imperiais anteriores que apresentam o Pacífico como um "lago espanhol", concebo um dinâmico Mundo Pacífico Hispano-Asiático que foi forjado por uma miríade de atores na e ao redor da bacia do Pacífico. Em vez de um Pacífico dominado pela longínqua Espanha, minha pesquisa revela um mundo transpacífico que de fato desafiava os esforços imperiais para reivindicá-los, regulá-los ou convertê-los. Estruturo este estudo de acordo com três grandes linhas de investigação: os laços econômicos que fizeram o "laço" asiático-latino-americano, as consequências dos trânsitos humanos e dos intercâmbios culturais ao longo de novas condutas transpacíficas, e as barreiras da distância e da cultura que limitavam o cosmopolitismo e o imperialismo. Para as sociedades da América Latina, esse mundo do Pacífico hispano-asiático lhes proporcionou maior autonomia do que o mundo atlântico. Eles compartilhavam, ao lado de diversos grupos neste mundo marítimo, uma história comum de evasão, de trocas livres e de poderes controlados, pois nenhuma linha de costa, império ou grupo predominava. Em última análise, ao traçar as correntes das interações hispano-asiáticas no mundo do Pacífico, dou uma réplica às teorias da historiografia global que situaram a América Latina na periferia da Europa Ocidental.
Referências
ALENCASTRO, Luiz Felipe. O trato dos viventes: formação do Brasil no Atlântico Sul. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000.
_____. The Ethiopic Ocean: History and Historiography, 1600-1975. Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies, no. 27, 2015.
AMARAL LAPA, José Roberto. A Bahia e a Carreira da Índia. São Paulo: Editorial Unicamp, 2000.
ANDRADE, Tonio. A Chinese farmer, two African boys, and a warlord: toward a Global Microhistory. Journal of World History, Honolulu, vol. 21, no. 4, 2010.
ASLANIAN, Sebouh David. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: the global trade networks of the merchants of New Julfa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
ATWELL, William S. International Bullion Flows and China, Past and Present, Oxford, no. 95, 1982.
_____. Volcanism and short-term climactic change in East Asian and World History. Journal of World History, Honolulu, vol. 12, 2001.
BALBUENA, Bernardo. Grandeza Mexicana. Mexico City: Porrúa, 2009.
BAYLY, Chris A. The birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914: global connections and comparisons. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
BERTRAND, Romain. Historia global, historias conectadas: ¿un giro historiográfico? Prohistoria, Buenos Aires, no. 24, 2015.
BLAIR, Emma, and ROBERTSON, James Alexander. The Philippine Islands,1493-1803. Cleveland, 1903.
BORAH, Woodrow. Early colonial trade and navigation between Mexico and Peru. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1954.
BOXER, Charles. South China in the Sixteenth Century. Bangkok: Lotus Press, 2004.
BROOK, Timothy. The confusions of pleasure: commerce and culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
_____. Vermeer’s hat: the Seventeenth Century and the dawn of the Global World. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008.
BROWN, Matthew. The Global History of Latin America, Journal of Global History, Cambridge, vol. 10, 2015.
BUSCHMANN, Rainer, SLACK, Edward R. and TUELLER James B. Navigating the Spanish Lake: the Pacific in the Iberian World, 1521–1898. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2014.
CARLETTI, Francesco. Raggionamento dei miei viaggi. Rome, 1701.
CARR, Dennis, BAILEY, Gauvin, BROOK, Timothy, CODDING, Mitchell, CORRIGAN, Karina and PIERCE Donna. Made in the Americas: the New World discovers Asia. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 2015.
CH’EN, Kenneth. Matteo Ricci's contribution to, and influence on, geographical knowledge in China. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Ann Arbor, vol. 59, no. 3, 1939.
CHUAN, Hang Sheng. The inflow of American silver into China from the late-Ming to the mid-Ching Period. Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, vol. 2, 1969.
CONOVER, Cornelius. Saintly biography and the cult of San Felipe de Jesús in Mexico City, 1597-1697. The Americas, Cambridge, vol. 67, no. 4, 2011.
CREWE, Ryan. Pacific purgatory: Spanish Dominicans, Chinese Sangleys, and the entanglement of mission and commerce in Manila, 1580-1620. Journal of Early Modern History, Minneapolis, vol. 19, 2015.
CROSS, Harry E. South American bullion production and export, 1550-1750. In RICHARDS, J. F. (ed). Precious metals in the later Medieval and early Modern Worlds. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 1983.
DARWIN, John. After Tamerlane: the rise and fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000. New York: Bloomsbury, 2009.
DE VRIES, Jan. The limits of globalization in the early modern world. The Economic History Review, Hoboken, vol. 63, no. 3, 2010.
ELISON, George. Deus destroyed: the image of Christianity in early Modern Japan. Cambridge, 1988.
ELLIS, Robert Richmond. They need nothing: Hispanic-Asian encounters in the Colonial Period. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012.
ESPINOSA Y TELLO, J. Carta general para las navegaciones a la India Oriental por el Mar del Sur y el grande Océano que separa el continente americano del asiático. Mexico City, 1825.
FLYNN, Dennis O. and GIRÁLDEZ, Arturo. China and the Manila Galleons. In LATHAM, A. J. H. and KAWAKATSU, Heita (eds). Japanese industrialization and the Asian economy. New York: Routledge, 1994.
_____. Born with a silver spoon: the origin of world trade in 1571. Journal of World History, Honolulu, vol. 6, no. 2, 1995.
GAGE, Thomas. The English-American: a new survey of the West Indies. London: Routledge, 2005.
GARCÍA DE LOS ARCOS, María Fernanda. Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808). Mexico City: Portilleros Editores, 1996.
GEMELLI CARERI, Francesco. Giro al mondo. Naples, 1704.
GIRÁLDEZ, Arturo. China and counterfeiting in 1650 Potosí. In: HIRZEL, Thomas and KIM, Nanny (eds). Metals, monies, and markets in early modern societies: East Asian and global perspectives. Berlin: Lit Verlag, 2008.
GRIJALVA, Juan de. Crónica de la Orden de N.P.S. Agustín en las provincias de la Nueva España. Mexico City, 1624.
GRUZINSKI, Serge. Las cuatro partes del mundo: Historia de una mundialización. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2010.
HUNT, Lynn. Writing History in the Global Era. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2014.
IGLER, David. The Great Ocean: Pacific worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
IRIGOIN, Alejandra. The end of a silver era: the consequences of the breakdown of the Spanish peso standard in China and the United States. Journal of World History, Honolulu, vol. 20, no. 2, 2009.
KUWAYAMA, George. Chinese ceramics in colonial Mexico. Los Angeles: LA County Museum of Art, 1999.
LANE, Kris E. Colour of Paradise: the emerald in the age of the gunpowder empires. New haven: Yale University Press, 2010.
LAUFER, Berthold. The relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 50, 1908.
LEÓN PORTILLA, Miguel. Hernán Cortés y la mar del Sur. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1985.
LIN, Renchuan. Fukien’s private sea trade in the 16th and 17th centuries. In VERMEER, E. B. (ed). Development and decline of Fukien Province in the 17th and 18th Centuries. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1990.
MARTÍNEZ, María Elena. Genealogical fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008.
MAWSOM, Stephanie J. Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish swoldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific. Past and Present, Oxford, no. 23, 2016.
MAZUMDAR, Sucheta. The impact of New World food crops on the diet and economy of China and India, 1600-1900. In GREW, Raymond (ed). Food in Global History. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000.
MCMASTER, John. Las aventuras asiáticas del peso mexicano. Historia Mexicana, Mexico City, vol. 8, no. 3, 1959.
MEDLEY, Margaret. Organization and production in Jingdezhen in the Sixteenth Century. In SCOTT, Rosemary (ed). The porcelains of Jingdezhen. London: Percival Davies Foundation of Chinese Art, 1993.
MEHL, Eva. Mexican recruits and vagrants in late-Eighteenth Century Philippines: empire, social order, and Bourbon reforms in the Spanish Pacific World. Hispanic American Historical Review, Chapel Hill, vol. 94, no. 4, 2014.
MIGNOLO, Walter. The idea of Latin America. Oxford: Blackwell Press, 2011.
MUHANA, Adma. Brasil: Índia ocidental. Revista USP, Sao Paulo, n. 57, 2003.
PIERCE, Donna, and OTSUKA, Ronald. Asia and Spanish America: Trans-Pacific artistic and cultural exchange, 1500-1850. Denver: Denver Art Museum, 2009.
PRATT, Mary Louise. Imperial eyes: travel writing and transculturation. New York: Routledge, 2007.
REINHARD, Wolfgang. Empires and encounters: 1350-1750. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015.
REMESAL, Antonio de. Historia de la provincia de S. Vicente de Chyapa y Guatemala de la orden de nuestro glorioso padre Sancto Domingo. Madrid, 1629.
RUSSELL-WOOD, A. J. R. A dinâmica da presença brasileira no Índico e no Oriente. Séculos XVI-XIX. Topoi, Rio de Janeiro, 2001, 9-40.
SCOTT, Rosemary E. Elegant form and harmonious decoration: four dynasties of Jingdezhen Porcelain. London: Sun Tree Publishing, 1992.
SEIJAS, Tatiana. Asian slaves in Colonial Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
SHURZ, William. The Manila Galleon. New York: Dutton, 1939.
SPATE, O. H. K. The Spanish Lake. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1979.
SUBRAHMANYAM, Sanjay. Connected Histories: notes towards a reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia. In Modern Asian Studies, Cambridge, vol. 31, no. 3, 1997.
_____. Three ways to be alien: travails and encounters in the Early Modern World. Waltham: Brandeis University Press, 2011.
TE PASKE, John. New World silver, Castile, and the Philippines 1590–1800. In RICHARDS, J. F. (ed). Precious metals in the later Medieval and early Modern Worlds. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 1983.
VALDÉS LANKOWSKY, Vera. Cambios en las relaciones transpacíficas: del Hispanis Mare Pacíficum al Océano Pacífico como vía de comunicación internacional. Estudios de Asia y África, Mexico City, vol. 20, no. 1, 1985.
VON GLAHN, Richard. Fountain of fortune: money and monetary policy in China, 1000–1700. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
YOKOTA, Kariann Akemi. Unbecoming British: how the United States became a postcolonial nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
_____. Transatlantic and transpacific connections in early American History. Pacific Historical Review, Berkeley, vol. 83, no. 2, 2014.
