O futebol na China: do cuju (蹴鞠) ao sonho de se tornar uma potência mundial

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12660/rm.v9n14.2018.74092

Palavras-chave:

futebol, China, história, cuju, plano de desenvolvimento

Resumo

De acordo com a FIFA, a origem histórica do futebol se encontra na China Antiga, na prática do cuju (蹴鞠), que remonta à Dinastia Han (206AC – 220DC) e foi bastante popular durante a Dinastia Song (960–1279). Prática que foi perdida, provavelmente, no período da Dinastia Qing (Século 17). O futebol moderno, codificado na Inglaterra em 1863, chegaria ao país em 1879. Ao longo do Século 20, apesar de algumas tentativas, a China foi incapaz de obter sucesso neste esporte. Agora, o país tem um ambicioso sonho. Quer se tornar potência do futebol mundial até 2050. Para isso, lançou em 2016 o “Plano de desenvolvimento do futebol a médio e longo prazo (2016-2050)”. Este artigo apresenta a evolução histórica do futebol na China e questiona o que motiva os chineses na busca da concretização deste audacioso Plano.

Biografia do Autor

Emanuel Leite Júnior, Universidade de Aveiro

Doutorando em Políticas Públicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Carlos Rodrigues, Universidade de Aveiro

Professor Auxiliar, Diretor do Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Políticas e do Território, Diretor do Mestrado em Estudos Chineses da Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Referências

ALLISON, L.; MONNINGTON, T. Sport, Prestige and International Relations. Government and Opposition, v. 37, n. 1, p. 106–134, jan. 2002.

ALMEIDA, B. S. DE; MARCHI JÚNIOR, W.; PIKE, E. The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games and Brazil’s soft power. Contemporary Social Science, v. 9, n. 2, p. 271–283, 2013.

BRANNAGAN, P. M.; GIULIANOTTI, R. Soft power and soft disempowerment : Qatar , global sport and football ’ s 2022 World Cup finals. Leisure Studies, v. 34, n. 6, p. 703–719, 2015.

BRANNAGAN, P. M.; ROOKWOOD, J. Sports mega-events, soft power and soft disempowerment: international supporters’ perspectives on Qatar’s acquisition of the 2022 FIFA World Cup finals. International Journal of Sport Policy, v. 8, n. 2, p. 1–16, 2016.

BRENTIN, D.; TREGOURES, L. Entering Through the Sport’s Door? Kosovo’s Sport Diplomatic Endeavours Towards International Recognition. Diplomacy & Statecraft, v. 27, n. 2, p. 360–378, 2016.

CHA, V. Role of Sport in International Relations: National Rebirth and Renewal. Asian Economic Policy Review, v. 11, n. 1, p. 139–155, 2016.

CHADWICK, S. A rap on the knuckles, but no burst bubble. Disponível em: <http://www.policyforum.net/rap-knuckles-no-burst-bubble/>. Acesso em: 24 jan. 2017.

CHADWICK, S.; WIDDOP, P.; PARNEL, D. A feast for wolves. Disponível em: <http://www.policyforum.net/a-feast-for-wolves/>. Acesso em: 6 jan. 2017.

CHADWICK, S.; WIDDOP, P.; PARNELL, D. The guanxi of football. Disponível em: <http://www.policyforum.net/the-guanxi-of-football/>. Acesso em: 6 jan. 2017.

CHARI, T. Discursive Constructions of the Germany-Brazil Semi-Final Match During the Fifa 2014 World Cup: the Limits of Football As a Soft Power Resource. Communicatio-South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research, v. 41, n. 4, p. 405–422, 2015.

CHEN, C. C.; COLAPINTO, C.; LUO, Q. The 2008 Beijing Olympics opening ceremony: Visual insights into China’s soft power. Visual Studies, v. 27, n. 2, p. 188–195, 2012.

CHEN, X. et al. Who provides the capital for Chinese growth : the public or the private sector ? Applied Economics, v. 49, n. 23, p. 2238–2252, 2017.

CHINA’S NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM COMMISSION. Medium and Long-Term Plan of Chinese Football Development. [s.l: s.n.].

CHUNJIANG, F. Origins of Chinese Sports. 1. ed. Singapura: Asiapac Books, 2008.

CORNELISSEN, S. The Geopolitics of Global Aspiration: Sport Mega-events and Emerging Powers. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 27, n. 16–18, p. 3008–3025, 2010.

DELGADO, D. R. L. Opening Ceremonies of International Sports Events: The Other Face of Chinese Soft Power. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 33, n. 5, p. 1–17, 2016.

DUERR, G. M. E. Civic integration or ethnic segregation? Models of ethnic and civic nationalism in club football/soccer. Soccer & Society, p. 1–14, 31 mar. 2016.

FIFA/TMS. Global Transfer Market Report 2017. [s.l: s.n.].

FREEMAN, K. Sport as swaggering: utilizing sport as soft power. Sport in Society, v. 15, n. 9, p. 1260–1274, 2012.

GINEPRINI, N. Il Sogno Cinese: storia ed economia del calcio in Cina. 1. ed. [s.l.] Urbone Publishing, 2016.

GIULIANOTTI, R. Sociologia do futebol – dimensões históricas e socioculturais do esporte das multidões. São Paulo: Nova Alexandria, 2010.

GIULIANOTTI, R. The Beijing 2008 Olympics: Examining the Interrelations of China, Globalization, and Soft Power. European Review, v. 23, n. 2, p. 286–296, 2015.

GONG, X.; CORTESE, C. A socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics : The accounting annual report of China Mobile. Accounting Forum, v. 1978, n. August 2016, p. 1–15, 2017.

GRIX, J.; LEE, D. Soft Power, Sports Mega-Events and Emerging States: The Lure of the Politics of Attraction. Global Society, v. 27, n. 4, p. 37–41, 2013.

HOBSBAWM, E. Nações e Nacionalismo desde 1780. Rio de Janeiro: Terra e Paz, 1991.

HOBSBAWM, E. Globalização, democracia e terrorismo. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007.

HONG, F.; MANGAN, J. A. Will the “Iron Roses” Bloom Forever? Women’s Football in China: Changes and Challenges. Soccer & Society, v. 4, n. 2/3, p. 47–66, 2003.

HONG, F.; ZHOUXIANG, L. Representing the new China and the sovietisation of chinese sport (1949-1962). International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 1–29, 2012a.

HONG, F.; ZHOUXIANG, L. Sport in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 53–73, 2012b.

HONG, F.; ZHOUXIANG, L. China, the Asian Games and Asian politics (1974-2006). International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 98–112, 2012c.

HONG, F.; ZHOUXIANG, L. China’s sports policy and politics in the post-Beijing Olympics era. International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 184–189, 2012d.

HONG, F.; ZHOUXIANG, L. Sports and politics in the 1980s: The Olympic strategy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 74–97, 2012e.

HONG, F.; ZHOUXIANG, L. From Barcelona to Athens (1992-2004): “Juguo Tizhi” and China’s quest for global power and Olympic glory. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 113–131, 2012f.

HONG, F.; ZHOUXIANG, L. The Professionalisation and Commercialisation of Football in China (1993–2013). The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 30, n. 14, p. 1637–1654, 2013.

JINXIA, D.; MANGAN, J. A. Football in the new China: political statement, entrepreneurial enticement and patriotic passion. Soccer & Society, v. 2, n. 3, p. 79–100, 2001.

KERSTING, N. Sport and national identity: A comparison of the 2006 and 2010 FIFA World CupsTM. Politikon, v. 34, n. 3, p. 277–293, 2007.

KORNEEVA, V. A.; OGURTSOV, E. S. The Politicization of Sports as a Soft Power Public Resource. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v. 9, n. 29, 2016.

KRZYZANIAK, J. S. The soft power strategy of soccer sponsorships. Soccer & Society, v. 970, n. January, p. 0, 2016.

LOVISOLO, H.; SOARES, A. J. G. Futebol: construção histórica do estilo nacional. In: HELAL, R. (Ed.). . Futebol, jornalismo e ciências sociais: interações. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Eduerj, 2011. p. 33–51.

MANGAN, J. A.; OK, G.; KWAK, Y. M. East Reflects on West, East Meets West!: South Korean Media Responses to London 2012The International Journal of the History of SportTaylor & Francis, , 2013. Disponível em: <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09523367.2013.842902>

NIELSEN SPORTS. China and Football. [s.l: s.n.].

NYE, J. S. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. 1. ed. New York: PublicAffairs, 2004.

NYE, J. S. China and soft power. South African Journal of International Affairs, v. 19, n. 2, p. 151–155, 2012.

PEOPLE’S DAILY. China to build 50,000 football schools by 2025. Disponível em: <http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/0222/c90000-9181128.html>. Acesso em: 3 mar. 2017.

PLUNKETT RESEARCH. Plunkett Research Sports Industry. Disponível em: <https://www.plunkettresearch.com/statistics/sports-industry/>. Acesso em: 24 nov. 2016.

REICHE, D. Investing in sporting success as a domestic and foreign policy tool: the case of Qatar. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 6940, n. April 2015, p. 1–16, 2014.

SAMUEL-AZRAN, T. et al. Promoting terror or sport? The case of Qatar’s international image. American Behavioral Scientist, v. 60, n. 9, p. 1101–1115, 2016.

SCHMIDT, S. L. Who is the Chinese soccer consumer and why do Chinese watch soccer? Disponível em: <https://cpianalysis.org/2018/03/02/who-is-the-chinese-soccer-consumer-and-why-do-chinese-watch-soccer/>. Acesso em: 8 mar. 2018.

SIMONS, R. Traves de bambu: como a China aprendeu a amar o futebol. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2008.

TAN, T.-C. et al. Xi Jin-Ping’s World Cup Dreams: From a Major Sports Country to a World Sports Power. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 3367, n. November, p. 1–17, 2016.

THE STATE COUNCIL. Chinese sports industry aims to reach $460b in 5-year plan. Disponível em: <http://english.gov.cn/state_council/ministries/2016/05/05/content_281475342468190.htm>. Acesso em: 24 nov. 2016.

WARD, T. Sport and national identity. Soccer & Society, v. 10, n. 5, p. 518–531, 2009.

WILSON, C. Chinese FA over-ruled by goverment as foreign player limit abruptly cut to three. Disponível em: <https://wildeastfootball.net/2017/01/chinese-fa-over-ruled-by-goverment-as-foreign-player-limit-abruptly-cut-to-three/>. Acesso em: 22 jan. 2017.

Downloads

Publicado

09.07.2018